Ancient Medieval and Art & Culture- Prelims Oriented Practice Questions

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Ancient Medieval and Art & Culture- Prelims Oriented Practice Questions

1.Who among the following is referred to as the universal worthy Bodhisattva, known for embodying practice and vows, and often depicted riding an elephant?

(a) Avalokiteshvara
(b) Manjushri
(c) Samantabhadra
(d) Maitreya

Ans C- Samantabhadra

• Samantabhadra is a significant figure in Mahayana Buddhism, revered as the Universal Bodhisattva who embodies the practice of vows and ethical conduct.
• Unlike other bodhisattvas who focus on wisdom or compassion, Samantabhadra represents the action aspect of the bodhisattva path—emphasizing the importance of practice, vows, and morality.
• He is often depicted riding a white elephant with six tusks, which symbolizes mental strength, purity, and the power of perseverance in spiritual practice.
• The white elephant is also indicative of Samantabhadra’s commitment to the practice of the “Ten Great Vows,” which are central to guiding a practitioner’s journey toward enlightenment and benefiting all sentient beings.

2. Who wrote the Adi Purana of the Jains in Sanskrit?
(a) Amoghavarsha I
(b) Jinasena
(c) Gunabhadra
(d) Krishna II

Ans B
The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of arts and letters. In their courts, we find not only Sanskrit scholars, but also poets and others who wrote in Prakrit and in the apabhramsha, the so-called corrupt languages which were the fore-runners of the various modern Indian languages.

Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. The book deals with the story of the first Jain Tirthankar Rishabha Deva and his sons Bharata and Bahubali. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

3. With reference to the Vishnupad Temple, consider the following statements:
1. It was built by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar.
2. It is located on the banks of the Ganga River in Bihar.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans A

Vishnupad Temple:

• Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in Gaya, Bihar.
• Built by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar in 1787 on the banks of the Phalgu River.
• The temple is around 100 feet tall and has 44 pillars.
• Contains Dharmasila, a footprint of Lord Vishnu etched into a slab of basalt.
• Constructed using large grey granite stones joined with iron clamps.

4. With reference to Bhakti movement in south India, consider the following statements:

1. According to Shankaracharya, the attainment of knowledge is essential for man to merge with God, and without proper knowledge man cannot attain salvation.
2. According to Ramanujacharya the path of surrender to God, through bhakti, can help attain salvation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans C

Sankara’s philosophy is called advaitavada or the doctrine on non-dualism.

According to Sankara, God and the created world are the one: the differences were apparent but not real, and aroused due to ignorance, maya being a part of it.

The way to salvation was devotion to God, strengthened by the knowledge that God and the created beings were one and the same. This philosophy is called Vedanta. Thus, Sankara upheld Vedas as the fountainhead of true knowledge.

5. ‘Mudrarakshasa’ was a popular play written by Vishakhadatta. This play revolved around the political intrigues in the Mauryan Empire and specifically depicted the rise of the renowned minister Chanakya. Vishakhadutta was the court poet of which of the following ruler?

(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Ashoka
(d) Harsha

Ans A

Vishakhadatta was the court poet of King Chandragupta II, who was a Gupta emperor in ancient India. Vishakhadatta’s most famous work is the Sanskrit play “Mudrarakshasa”. This historical drama revolves around the political intrigues in the Mauryan Empire and specifically depicts the rise of the renowned minister Chanakya. “Mudrarakshasa” is highly valued for its portrayal of ancient Indian political and social life during that period.

6. With reference to the Bhakti Movement, consider the following:

1. Monotheism
2. Universal brotherhood
3. Widespread ritualism
4. Promotion of sanskrit language

How many of the above were the features of the Bhakti movement?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four

Ans B

The Bhakti movement, prominent in medieval India, emphasized personal devotion to a chosen deity as a means of attaining spiritual salvation. Salient Features of the Bhakti Movement:

• The bhakti reformers preached the principles of monotheism (oneness of God.)
• They believed in freedom from the cycle of life and death. They advocated that salvation could be attained only by deep devotion and faith in God.
• They emphasized the self-surrender for obtaining the bliss and grace of God.
• Gurus could act as guides and preceptors.
• They advocated the principle of Universal brotherhood.  
• They stressed the singing of hymns with deep devotion.
• Arguing that all living beings, including humans, were god’s children, they strongly denounced the caste system which divided people according to their birth.
• They condemned ritualism.  
• They did not consider any language as sacred and composed poems in the language of the common people.

7. With respect to the cultural history of India, which of the following temples is not associated with the Pallavas?
(a) Airavatesvara Temple
(b) Shore Temple
(c) Mamandur Rock-Cut Temple
(d) Kailashnatha Temple
Ans A

Airavatesvara Temple: The Airavatesvara Temple, located in Darasuram, Tamil Nadu, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its stunning Chola architecture. Built-in the 12th century by Rajaraja Chola II, the temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Its intricate carvings, delicate sculptures, and well-preserved structures, including the unique stone chariot, make the Airavatesvara Temple a captivating representation of the Chola dynasty’s artistic prowess and devotion to religion.

Kailasanatha Temple: The Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram, built by Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman II), is a classic example of Pallava architecture. Constructed in the 8th century, it is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple follows the traditional Dravidian style with a pyramidal tower (shikhara) above the main sanctum and features intricate carvings depicting various Hindu deities.

The Pallavas were pioneers in the use of rock-cut architecture for temple construction. Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram) stands as aremarkable example, showcasing monolithic rock-cut structures like the famous Rathas (chariot-shaped temples) and the Shore Temple. These structures are UNESCO World Heritage Sites andexemplify the early experimentation with rock-cut temple architecture.

Mahabalipuram Shore Temple: The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram is one of the oldest structural stone temples in South India. Constructed during the reign of Narasimhavarman II, it is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple complex includes two shrines, a pyramidal tower, and a captivating coastal location.

Varaha Cave Temple: Another significant example of Pallava architecture in Mamallapuram is the Varaha Cave Temple. Carved out of a single rock, this cave temple is known for its stunning bas-relief sculptures, including a large carving of Lord Vishnu in his Varaha (boar) incarnation.

Rajasimha’s Mamandur Rock-Cut Temple: Rajasimha’s influence extended beyond Mamallapuram. He also commissioned the construction of a rock-cut temple at Mamandur, displaying intricate carvings and reliefs.

Pattadakal temple: Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Karnataka, India, is renowned for its group of exquisite temples. Dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries, these temples showcase a harmonious blend of Northern and Southern Indian architectural styles. The Virupaksha Temple, one of the main attractions, stands as a masterpiece with intricately carved panels illustrating Hindu mythology. Pattadakal is a testimony to the rich cultural and artistic legacy of the Chalukya dynasty, leaving visitors captivated by its architectural grandeur and historical significance.

8. Arrange the following elements of the Buddhist Stupa structure in the correct sequence of their arrangement from bottom to top.
(a) Anda, Yashti, Chhatri and Harmika
(b) Harmika, Anda, Yashti and Chhatri
(c) Anda, Yashti, Harmika and Chhatri
(d) Anda, Harmika, Yashti and Chhatri

Ans d

A Buddhist stupa, from bottom to top, features a base or platform (medhi), a hemispherical dome (anda), a square railing (harmika), a central pillar (yasti), and a canopy of umbrellas (chattras). These elements are not just architectural, but also symbolic, representing different aspects of the universe and the Buddha’s enlightenmen.

9. Madanna and Akhanna, the two bothers and prominent statesman during the seventeenth century rose to prominence under the
(a) Bijapur Sultanate
(b) Golconda Sultanate
(c) Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar
(d) Maratha Kingdom

Ans b

Madanna and Akkanna were two Brahmin brothers who rose to prominence in the 17th century in the final two decades of the Golconda sultanate.

• Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1626-72 CE) was the Sultan of Golconda at that time. He had purchased peace with the Mughals in 1657 CE by giving away his daughter in marriage to Prince Muhammad Sultan, the eldest son of Aurangzeb. He was a Shia, and had entrusted the work of administration to his two capable Brahmin ministers, Madanna and Akhanna.

10. In the context of ancient India, which of the following books talk about India?
1. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
2. Ptolemy’s Geography
3. Pliny’s Naturalis Historia

Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
And D

The Greek visitors mention Sandiokottas, a contemporary of Alexander the Great who invaded India in 324 BC. Prince Sandrokottas is identified with Chandragupta Maurya, whose date of accession is fixed at 322 BC.

• This identification has served as the sheet-anchor in ancient Indian chronology The Indica of Megasthenes, who came to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, has been preserved only in fragments quoted by subsequent classical writers.
• The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and Ptolemy’s Geography, both written in Greek, provide valuable data for the study of the ancient geography and commerce of India. The date ascribed to the first ranges between A.D. 80 and 115, while the second is attributed to about A.D. 150.
• Pliny’s Naturalis Historia, which belongs to the first century AD., was written in Latin and tells us about trade between India and Italy.

11. Consider the following statements regarding the Dhrupad genre of Hindusthani classical music:

1. Man Singh Tomar, the Maharaja of Gwalior mainly responsible for the popularity of dhrupad.
2. Tansen, who was in Akbar’s court, is a significant dhrupad singer.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans c

• Dhrupad is primarily a form of chant or worship where a singer offers prayer to the Lord through Nada or sounds. It is believed to have been a further elaboration of the prabandha structure. While it might have had an impetus for popularity even by the 14th century, it finds a blossoming period from the 15th century onwards to about the 18th century.
• During these centuries we meet the most respected and renowned singers and patrons of this form. There was Man Singh Tomar, the Maharaja of Gwalior. It was he who was mainly responsible for the enormous vogue of dhrupad. There were Baiju, Bakshu and others. Swami Haridasa a hermit of Brindavan was not only a dhrupadiya, but one of the most central figures in the Bhakti cult in the Northern areas of India. By tradition, he was the guru of Tansen, one of the best-known dhrupad singers and one of the nine jewels of Emperor Akbar’s court.
• In structure, dhrupad has two parts, the anibaddha section and the sanchari dhrupad proper. The first is free alap. The dhrupad proper is a song in four parts: the asthayee, the antara, the Sanchari and the abhoga. The essential quality of the dhrupadic approach is its sombre atmosphere and emphasis on rhythm.
• There were four schools or vanis of singing the dhrupad. The Gauhar vani developed the raga or unadorned melodic figures. The Dagarvani emphasized melodic curves and graces. The Khandar vani specialised in quick ornamentation of the notes. Nauhar vani was known for its broad musical leaps and jumps. These vanis ‘are now indistinguishable.
• The dhrupad is even now highly respected and can be heard on the concert platform but more often in temples of North India. The dhrupad has somewhat receded to the background and is not so popular with the masses. The Been and Pakhawaj which were closely associated with the dhrupad also do not find much patronage these days.

12. Consider the following statements regarding Satavahanas:

1. The Satavahanas started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas.
2. The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit.
3. They issued mostly coins of gold.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans B

• The Satavahanas started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhist monks.
• The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit. All inscriptions were composed in this language and written in the Brahmi script, as was the case in Asokan times. Some Satavahana kings may have composed Prakrit books. One Prakrit text called Gathasaptasati is attributed to a Satavahana king called Hala.
• The Satavahanas may have used gold as bullion, for they did not issue gold coins as the Kushans did. They issued mostly coins of lead, which is found in the Deccan. They also issued potin, copper and bronze money.

13. With reference to the Gupta period, who among the following were the court scholars/ poets of Chandragupta II?

1. Ravikirti
2. Amarasimha
3. Kalidasa

Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 2 only

Ans b

• Ravikirti was court poet of Pulakesin II (Chalukyan King) who wrote famous Aihole inscription.
• Amarasimha was a Sanskrit grammarian and poet in the court of Chandragupta II.
  • He wrote a book on Sanskrit grammar called Amarakosa.
    
• Kalidasa was a Sanskrit poet and dramatist in the court of Chandragupta II.
  • His works include Abhijnanashakuntala, Vikramorvashi, Malavikagnimitra, the epic poems Raghuvamsha and Kumarasambhava and the lyric “Meghaduta”.

14. Which one of the following philosophical systems believes only in materialism?

(a) Samkhya
(b) Lokayata
(c) Vaisesika
(d) Mimamsa
Ans b

• The continuous quest by the sages gave birth to great philosophical systems, which looked upon man and the universe with an unbiased, free and rational mindset.
• The important systems are {Charvaka, Jaina, Buddha,} {Vaisesika, Nyaya, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta.}
• The first three systems are nastika i.e. do not believe in the authority of the Vedas and the God, while all others are astika, i.e. believe in the Vedas and the God.
• The Charvaka system (also called Lokayata) believes only in materialism.
• The physical body composed of material elements is the only essence of man.
• Death only is the end of man ; and enjoyment of pleasures are the only objects in life.
• There is no life beyond death, no heaven or hell, no ‘Law of karma, and no rebirth.
• The Charvaka system does not believe in soul, god, or any other life beyond the present one.

15. With reference to the Mansabdari system during the Mughal rule, consider the following statements:

1. It was established by Babur after his victory in the first battle of Panipat.
2. Under this system, the Mansabdars were supposed to maintain their own military force.
3. The salaries of the Mansabdars were stated in rupees and paid by assigning them jagirs.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 only

Ans B

• The Mansabdari system was a unique administrative system developed by the Mughals in India. It was designed and established by Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• The term Mansabdar referred to an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix Zat or rank, Salary and Sawar or military responsibilities. The Mansabdars were military commanders, high civil and military officers.
• Ahadis were the individual troopers maintained/recruited by the Mughal rulers. They were a highly trusted corps, being recruited directly by the emperors and having their own muster master. They were not associated with the Manasabdars. The Mansabdars had to maintain their own force. The sawar rank of a mansabdar indicated the number of horsemen needed to the kept by the Mansabdar.
• The salaries of the mansabdars were stated in rupees but they were generally not paid in cash, but by assigning them a jagir. Mansabdars preferred a jagir because cash payments were likely to be delayed and sometimes entailed a lot of harassment. However, Jagirs were not hereditary and were transferred by rulers at any time.
• Tajwiz was a petition presented by a nobleman to the emperor, recommending that an applicant be recruited as mansabdar. If the applicant was found suitable a mansab was granted to him.

16, Consider the following statements regarding Rudradaman I:

1. He took measures to improve the Sudarsana lake in the semi-arid zone of Kathiawar.
2. He issued the first-ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit.
3. It was during his reign that Saint Thomas is said to have come to India for the propagation of Christianity.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans B

• Although Sakas established their rule in different parts of the country, only those who ruled in western India held power for any considerable length of time, for about four centuries or so. The most famous Saka ruler in India was Rudradaman I (AD 130-150) He ruled not only over Sindh, Kutch and Gujarat, but had also recovered from the Satavahanas Konkan, the Narmada valley, Malwa and Kathiawar.
• He is famous in history because of the repairs he undertook to improve the Sudarsana Lake in the semi-arid zone of Kathiawar.
  • This lake had been in use for irrigation for a long time and was as old as the time of the Mauryas.
• Rudradaman was a great lover of Sanskrit. Although a foreigner settled in India, he issued the first-ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit.
  • All the earlier longer inscriptions that we have in this country were composed in Prakrit.
• It was during the reign of Parthian king Gondophernes, St, Thomas is said to have come to India for the propagation of Christianity.

17. With reference to different foreign personalities that visited the Mughal Empire, consider the following statements:

1. Antonio Monserrate was a Portuguese priest sent to the Mughal court to convert Akbar to Christianity.
2. François Bernier was a Frenchman who served as a physician to Prince Dara Shikoh.
3. Sir Thomas Roe was an English Diplomat who visited Emperor Shah Jahan’s court to obtain trading rights for the British East India Company.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 2 only

Ans D

• Antonio Monserrate (1536-1600) was a Portuguese priest who accompanied two other priests, Father Rodolfo Acquaviva, and Father Francisco Enriquez, on the first Jesuit mission to the court of Emperor Akbar (1542-1605; reigned 1556-1605). Aquaviva and Monserrate went back in 1583, belying the hopes the Portuguese entertained of Akbar’s conversion to the Christian faith.
• François Bernier, a Frenchman, was a doctor, political philosopher, and historian. Like many others, he came to the Mughal Empire in search of opportunities. He was in India for twelve years, from 1656 to1668, and was closely associated with the Mughal court, as a physician to Prince Dara Shukoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan.
• Sir Thomas Roe was an English Diplomat who visited Mughal emperor Jahangir’s court. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe came as an accredited ambassador of James I to the court of Jahangir, staying there till February 1619. Sir Thomas Roe obtained more trading rights and privileges for the East India Company. Accordingly, the English set up business centers at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach. Slowly the English East India Company succeeded in expanding its area of trade.

18. With reference to the Virashaiva tradition, consider the following statements:

1. Its founder Basavanna was a contemporary of the Sufi saint Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
2. The tradition believes that every devotee has to go through multiple cycles of rebirth before he/she is united with Lord Shiva.
3. Virashaivism did not advocate the worship of idols.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans C

• The Virashaiva Tradition emerged during the twelfth century in Karnataka. Basavanna (1106-68) is regarded as the founder of this Virashaiva tradition. He was a minister in the court of a Kalachuri ruler. His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (wearers of the linga).
• Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238 to 1325) was a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. He thus belonged to the thirteen and fourteen centuries AD and was not a contemporary of Basavanna.
• Lingayats believe that on death the devotee will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world. Thus, they do not believe in the theory of rebirth. Therefore they do not practice funerary rites such as cremation, prescribed in the Dharmashastras. Instead, they ceremonially bury their dead.
• The vachanas (literally, sayings) composed in Kannada by women and men who joined the movement serve as an important source to study the Virshaiva Movement.
• Virashaivism did not advocate the worship of idols and the worship of a multitude of Gods and Goddesses. It emphasized the worship of only one God namely Lord Shiva. Shiva was the only Supreme Being to be worshipped in the form of a Linga.

19. In the context of medieval India, Qarachil expedition was launched during which of the following rulers?

(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(c) Qutubuddin Aibak
(d) Ibrahim Lodi

Ans A

• During the year 1333, Muhammad bin Tughlaq commanded the Qarachil expedition to the Kullu-Kangra region of present-day Himachal Pradesh in India. According to historical accounts from Badauni and Ferishta, Tughluq’s initial plan was to cross the Himalayas and launch an attack on China.
• Despite his intentions, Muhammad bin Tughlaq encountered opposition from the locals in Himachal. The army of Tughlaq, which was not accustomed to fighting in the hills, was defeated by Prithvi Chand II of the Katoch clan, a Hindu Rajput kingdom of Kangra. As a result, almost all of Tughlaq’s troops, which numbered around 100,000, were killed and compelled to withdraw.

20. Siksha (phonetics), Kalpa (rituals), Vyakarna (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Chhanda (metrics), and Jyotisha (astronomy) are classified under which one of the following?

(a) Vedangas
(b) Brahmanas
(c) Aranyakas
(d) Upanishads

Ans A

Vedic Literature

• Six vedangas (limbs of Vedas) were evolved for the proper understanding of the Vedas.
• These are Siksha (phonetics), Kalpa (rituals), Vyakarna (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Chhanda (metrics), and Jyotisha (astronomy).
• Each vedanga has developed a credible literature around it which are in the sutra form i.e., precepts.
• This is a very precise and exact form of expression in prose which was developed by the ancient Indians.
• Panini’s Ashtadhyayi, book on grammar in eight chapters is the final culmination of this excellent art of writing in sutra (precepts) in which every chapter is precisely interwoven.
• Besides the Vedas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads are also included in the vedic literature and are known as the later vedic literature.

21. Which of the following are the features of the Nagara style of temple architecture?

1. An entire temple is built on a stone platform.
2. The temples have elaborate boundary walls.
3. The Garbhagriha is located under the tallest tower.
4. A large water reservoir is present in the temple complex.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 only

Ans A

• The style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India is known as nagara. In North India, it is common for an entire temple to be built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Further, unlike in South India it does not usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. While the earliest temples had just one tower or shikhara, later temples had several. The Garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.
• Unlike the Nagara temple, the Dravida temple is enclosed within a compound wall. The front wall has an entrance gateway in its center, which is known as a gopuram. The shape of the main temple tower known as Vimana in Tamil Nadu is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.
• In the South Indian temple, the word ‘shikhara’ is used only for the crowning element at the top of the temple which is usually shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola— this is equivalent to the amlak and kalasha of North Indian temples.
• Whereas at the entrance to the North Indian temple’s garbhagriha, it would be usual to find images such as mithunas and the river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, in the south you will generally find sculptures of fierce dvarapalas (in South) or the door-keepers guarding the temple.
• In Dravida style it is common to find a large water reservoir or a temple tank enclosed within the complex. Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple. The North Indian idea of multiple shikharas rising together as a cluster was not popular in South India.

22. Consider the following statements with regard to the traditional theatre form Bhavai:

1. The centers of this form are Kutch and Kathiawar.
2. Only tabla and flute are used as musical instruments in it.
3. There is a rare synthesis of devotional and romantic sentiments in this form.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

Ans c

Bhavai is the traditional theatre form of Gujarat.

• The centers of this form are Kutch and Kathiawar.
• The instruments used in Bhavai are:
  •  bhungal,
  • tabla,
  • flute,
  • pakhaawaj,
  • rabaab,
  • sarangi, manjeera, etc.
• In Bhavai, there is a rare synthesis of devotional and romantic sentiments.

23. With the breakup of the Gujara-Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states came into existence in north India, which of the following are Rajput dynasties?

1. Gahadavalas of Kannauj
2. Parmar of Malwa
3. Chauhans of Ajmer
4. Kalachuris
5. Chandela of Bundelkhand

Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 3 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans D

• The Gurjara-Pratihara was a dynasty that ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11^th century. They ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj. The power of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler Indra III who, in about 916, sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the dynasty never regained its former influence.
• Pratihara break into number of Rajput states. These are the Gahadavalas of Kannauj, which was a Rajput dynasty that ruled parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, during the 11th and 12th centuries.
• Their capital was located at Banaras. in the Gangetic plains, and for a brief period, they also controlled Kannauj.
• The Paramara was a Rajput dynasty that ruled the Malwa region between the 9th and 14th centuries.
• Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer were a Rajput dynasty, also known as the Chahamanas of Shakambhari, who ruled over part of modern-day Rajasthan and neighboring areas.
• Kalachuri dynasty ruled between the 10-12th century.
• Chandelas of Jejakabhukti was a Rajput dynasty in Central India. The Chandelas ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then called Jejakabhukti) between the 9th and 13th centuries. They belonged to the Chandel clan of the Rajputs.

24. Muzarians during the medieval period of Indian history were generally

(a) Village Headmen
(b) Tenant farmers
(c) Grain merchants
(d) Landless labourers

Ans b

• During the Mughal Period the term ‘muzarians’ was used to describe the tenants who generally paid land revenue at a higher rate. These two groups were the largest section among the cultivators in the village.
• The peasants who owned the land they tilled were called khudkasht.
• The landless peasants and laborers often belonged to the class of people called kamin.

25. Which of the following rulers is credited to be the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty?

(a) Dantidurga
(b) Amoghvarsha
(c) Krishna I
(d) Vallabhraja

Ans A

• The Rashtrakuta dynasty, a Hindu royal family that governed the Deccan region and adjacent territories of India, held power between approximately 755 and 975 CE. The kingdom was founded by Dantidurga who fixed his capital at Manyakheta or Malkhed.
• The greatest Rashtrakuta rulers were Govinds III (793-814) and Amoghavarsha (814-878). Amoghavarsha ruled for 68 years. He was a great builder and built the capital city Manyakheta so as to excel in the city of Indra.
• Al-Masudi paid a visit to India, During the period of 914 to 928 CE when Indra-III was in power and ruled over the Rashtrakuta Empire. According to Al-Masudi, the Rashtrakuta king Balhara or Vallbharaja was the greatest king of India and most of the Indian rulers accepted his suzerainty and respected his envoy.
• The Kailash Rock-cut temple was constructed between 756 and 773 AD by the Rashtrakuta King Krishna I, who ruled during the 8th century. The renowned temple is located at Ellora.

26. With reference to the Gol Gumbad of Bijapur, consider the following statements:

1. It is the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah.
2. It is built of Dark Gray basalt.

Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans C

Gol Gumbad

• It is situated in Bijapur in the Bijapur District of Karnataka.
• It is the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah (1626–1656) the seventh Sultan of the Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur (1489–1686).
• Built by the ruler himself it is a striking edifice in spite of being unfinished.
• The tomb is a complex of buildings such as a gateway, a Naqqar Khana, a mosque, and a sarai located within a large-walled garden.
• The Gumbad is a monumental square building topped with a circular drum over which rests a majestic dome, giving the building its nomenclature. It has an outer wall (which is square in shape).  
• It is built of dark gray basalt and decorated plasterwork.
• Each wall of the tomb is one hundred and thirty-five feet long and one hundred and ten feet high and ten feet thick.
• With the drum and the dome, the building rises to a height of over two hundred feet.
• The tomb has only one square chamber and a dome, with a diameter of one hundred and twenty-five feet.
• The tomb covers an uninterrupted floor space of 18,337 square feet, the largest in the world.

27. With reference to the cultural history of India, ‘Arabesque’ was

(a) a form of artistic decoration.
(b) a form of Sufi song.
(c) a type of jewellery worn by aristocratic women during the Mughal period.
(d) a Mughal delicacy prepared during special occasions.

Ans A

Arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of “surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils” or plain lines, often combined with other elements. It was extensively used in Indo-Islamic architecture.

28. Which of the following is not musical form of Carnatic music?

(a) Gitam
(b) Svarjati
(c) Pada
(d) Khayal

Ans D

Khyals are musical forms of Hindustani music. The pride of place in classical Hindustani Music is occupied by the Khyal. As sung today, the khyal has two varieties: the slow or vilambit khyal and the fast or drut khyal. In form both are similar, they have two sections – the asthayee and the antara. The vilambit is sung in slow tempo and the drut at a faster speed. In technique. The exposition is less grave than the dhrupad. There are more delicate gamkas and ornamentations.

29. Consider the following pairs:

Painting school     Region

1. Cherial Scroll Painting : Kerala
2. Madhubani Painting : Bihar
3. Patachitra Painting : Odisha
4. Picchvai Painting : Rajasthan

Which of the pairs given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

Ans c

Cherial scroll paintings belong to Andhra Pradesh. Cherial in the Warangal district is the traditional center of this art. The traditional caste-based groups from Jingor, Muchi and Mera known as nakkash, paint these paintings. Such scrolls were used by the story tellers accompanied by the musicians, along with dolls and masks made of a coconut shell while the larger ones are made out of sawdust and wood called tella puniki smeared with tamarind seed paste. The common themes are from the Krishna Leela, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Shiva Puranam, Markandeya Puranam interspersed with the ballads and folk stories of communities like Gauda, Madiga and so on. Irrespective of the subject matter, Cherial paintings begin with the painting of Lord Ganesha, a remover of obstacles and then of Saraswati, goddess of learning.

30. Consider the following statements, with reference to the Vijayanagar Empire:

1. The empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka.
2. The extent of the empire was limited to modern-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) None of the Above.

Ans A

The Vijayanagara Empire, held dominion over a vast area in South India, encompassing present-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, and portions of Telangana and Maharashtra.

The Vijayanagara Empire was a South Indian empire that ruled from the 14th to the 17th century, based in the city of Vijayanagara (now Hampi, Karnataka). The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 and was attributed to the Sangama dynasty siblings Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, who hailed from a cowherd community with a Yadava lineage.

31. Krishnattam and Mudiyettu are theatres associated with which of the following states?

(a) Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Karnataka

Ans A

• Krishnattam, folk theatre of Kerala, came into existence in the middle of 17th century A.D. under the patronage of King Manavada of Calicut.
  • Krishnattam is a cycle of eight plays performed for eight consecutive days. The plays are Avataram, Kaliamandana, Rasa krida, kamasavadha, Swayamvaram, Bana Yudham, Vivida Vadham, and Swargarohana.
  • The episodes are based on the theme of Lord Krishna – his birth, childhood pranks and various deeds depicting victory of good over evil.

• Mudiyettu, traditional folk theatre form of Kerala is celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (November-December).
  • It is usually performed only in the Kali temples of Kerala, as an oblation to the Goddess.
  • It depicts the triumph of goddess Bhadrakali over the asura Darika. The seven characters in Mudiyettu-Shiva, Narada, Darika, Danavendra, Bhadrakali, Kooli and Koimbidar (Nandikeshvara) are all heavily made-up.

32. With reference to the Mughal rule in India, consider the following statements:

1. The first Mughal invasion of Deccan happened during the reign of Akbar.
2. The rebellion of Mahabat Khan which led to the arrest of the Mughal Emperor occurred during the reign of Jahangir.
3. The Nizam Shahi state of Ahmednagar came to an end during the rule of Aurangzeb.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

Ans B

• The first Mughal invasion of Deccan happened during the reign of Akbar (reign 1556-1605). In 1591, Akbar launched a diplomatic offensive. He sent embassies to all the Deccani states ‘inviting’ them to accept Mughal suzerainty. However, only Khandesh accepted this proposal and rest others did not pay heed.
• The instability in Ahmednagar gave an opportunity for the Mughals to intervene in the Deccan. The Mughal invasion was led by prince Murad, who was the governor of Gujarat, and by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan.
• The Coup D’etat of Mahabat Khan occurred during the reign of Jahangir in 1626. Mahabat Khan was one of the most capable commanders of Jahangir. He was loyal to the throne and but he was one of those nobles who did not like the increased influence of Nur Jahan in the administration of the state.
• The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628 –1658) annexed the state of Ahmednagar in 1636 and a treaty was concluded with Bijapur. According to the treaty, the Nizam Shahi state came to an end. The territory of Ahmednagar was divided between the Mughals and Bijapur; the territory lying in the north of the Bhima River went to the Mughals while the area lying in the south to Adil Shah.
• Aurangzeb became the Mughal ruler in 1658, twenty years later when the state of Ahmadnagar came to an end.

33. He was a Turkish adventurer who is believed to have risen in the service of a Brahmana. He was the founder of the Bahmani Empire. Which of the following personalities has been referred to in the passage given above?

(a) Krishna Devaraya
(b) Hasan Gangu
(c) Mahmud Gawan
(d) Ibrahim Adil Shah

Ans B

Ala-Ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah also known as Hasan Gangu was the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate. He reigned over Sultanate from 1347 to 1358. The capital of the Bahmani dynasty was Gulbarga (Hasanbad). Hasan Gangu began his career as a general serving under Sultan Mohammed Bin Tuglaq. He was made a governor in Daultabad.

34. With reference to the Firuz Shah Tughlaq, consider the following statements:

1. He transferred the capital from Delhi to Deogiri.
2. He introduced bronze token currency.
3. He extended the principle of heredity to the army.
4. During his reign, Jizyah became a separate tax.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 and 4 only

Ans d

• The Tughlaq dynasty was a Muslim royal family of Turko-Mongol or Turkic descent that held sway over the Delhi Sultanate during medieval India. The dynasty came into power in Delhi in 1320 CE Their reign continued until 1412 CE when the dynasty came to an end. The Tughlaqs provided three competent rulers: Ghiyasuddin, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital from Delhi to Deogiri. As Deogiri had been a base for the expansion of Turkish rule in South India. The attempt to bring entire South India under control had led to serious political difficulties. Later Deogiri was renamed to Daulatabad. Soon he decided to abandon Daulatabad.  
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced token currency in order to avoid dependency upon the supply of gold, and silver. There was a shortage of silver in the world in the 14th century. Later people started forging the coins, this experiment turned out to be a failure.

35. Consider the following pairs:

 Dynasty    King

1. Chola: Senguttuvan
2. Chera: Karikala
3. Chalukyas of Badami: Pulakesin II

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) None of the pairs
(b) Only one pair
(c) Only two pairs
(d) All three pairs

Ans B

• Senguttuvan was famous Chera king. According to the Chera poets their greatest king was Senguttuvan, the Red Chera, He routed his rivals and established his cousin securely on the throne.
• Famous Chola king Karikala, who flourished around A.D.100. He founded Puhar and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri River.
• Pulakesin II (609- 642) is the most famous Chalukya king. He is known to us from his eulogy written by the court poet Ravikirti in the Aihole inscription. This inscription is an example of poetic excellence reached in Sanskrit, and in spite of its exaggeration is a valuable source for the biography of Pulakesin.

36. With reference to the Maratha Kingdom, consider the following statements:

1. Chauth was a levy imposed on the territories not directly controlled by the Marathas.
2. Sardeshmukhi was a 25 percent levy imposed on the peasants as a matter of right by the Maratha king.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans A

• Chauth was a levy imposed on the territories not directly controlled by the Marathas. It was a levy of twenty-five percent paid to the Marathas by the adjoining/outside rulers to the Maratha kingdom in order to avoid the Maratha raids.
• This contribution which came to one-fourth of the land revenue began to be called chauthai (one- fourth) or chauth.
• Sardeshmukhi was imposed in their own dominion (swaraj) on the basis of his claim as hereditary sardeshmukh (landlord) of the dominion. Thus, it was claimed as a matter of right, unlike Chauth. It was 10 percent of the total revenue realized. Thus, it was a tax on landlords and not peasants.

37. Consider the following statements regarding the Udaigiri-Khandagiri caves:

1. The caves have inscriptions of the Pala kings.
2. According to the inscriptions, the caves were meant for Jain monks.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans b

• The rock-cut cave tradition also existed in Odisha. The earliest examples are the Udaigiri-Khandagiri caves in the vicinity of Bhubaneswar. These caves are scattered and have inscriptions of Kharavela kings.
• According to the inscriptions, the caves were meant for Jain monks. There are numerous single-cell excavations. Some have been carved in huge independent boulders and given the shape of animals.

38. Consider the following statements regarding the reign of emperor Harshavardhana:

1. He made Kanauj the seat of his power.
2. Land grants to priests were stopped during his reign.
3. As per Hsuan Tsang, law and order was not well maintained during his reign.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans C

• Harsha made Kanauj the seat of his power and there from extended his authority in all directions. During this period Pataliputra fell on bad days and Kanauj came to the forefront.
• The early history of Harsha’s reign is reconstructed from a study of Banabhatta, who was his court poet and who wrote a book called – Harshacharita.
• This can be supplemented by the account of the Chinese pilgrim Hsuan Tsang, who visited India in the seventh century “A.D. and stayed in the country for about 15 years.
• Harsha governed his empire on the same lines as the Guptas did, except that his administration had become more feudal and decentralized.
• Land grants continued to be made to priests for special services rendered to the state. In addition, Harsha is credited with the grant of land to the officers by charters. These grants allowed the same concessions to priests as were allowed by the earlier grants.
• In the empire of Harsha, law and order was not well maintained. The Chinese pilgrim Hsuan Tsang, was robbed of his belongings, although he reports that according to the laws of the land severe punishments were inflicted for the crime.

39. Consider the following statement with reference to the market control and agrarian policy of Alauddin:

1. He fixed the cost of a wide range of commodities.
2. He set up a common market for all commodities.
3. He set up warehouses to stock food grain to supply during shortfalls.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

Ans C

• During the early 14th century, Alauddin Khalji implemented a series of reforms that included price controls throughout his empire. This involved setting fixed prices for a wide range of commodities, such as grains, cloth, slaves, and animals.
• According to Barani, Alauddin set up three markets in Delhi, first for food grains, the second for cloth and expensive items such as sugar, ghee, oil, dry fruits, etc., and the third for horses, slaves, and cattle.
• Grains were stored in government warehouses. The storage was meant for emergencies like times of scarcity and famine. Any trader or vendor who cheated in weights and measurements was punished with cutting an equal weight of flesh from his body.

40. Consider the following statements with regard to Qutub Minar:

1. The construction of the Minar was started by Qutubuddin Aibak and completed by Balban.
2. Alai Darwaza associated with Qutub Minar was constructed by Alauddin Khilji.

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans a

• The Qutb Minar also spelled Qutub Minar and Qutab Minar, is a minaret and “victory tower” that forms part of the Qutb complex, which lies at the site of Delhi’s oldest fortified city, Lal Kot, founded by the Tomar Rajputs. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of South Delhi, India. The monument was started by Qutubuddin Aibak, but completed by Iltutmish. It is believed to have been dedicated to the Sufi saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• It is largely built of red and buff sandstone with some use of marble in the upper storeys.
• Alai Darwaza (southern door to the Qutub Minar) is the southern gateway of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in the Qutub complex, Mehrauli, Delhi, India. Built by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1311 and made of red sandstone.

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