Understanding the difference between Prehistory, Protohistory, and History is crucial for tracing the evolution of human civilization. These three stages represent how human societies developed over time based on the availability of written records and archaeological evidence. While Prehistory refers to the time before written records, Protohistory marks a transitional phase with limited written evidence, … Read more
The role of geographical factors in Ancient India was crucial in shaping its early civilizations, cultural patterns, and socio-economic development. From the fertile river valleys of the Indus and Ganga to the protective Himalayas and resource-rich Deccan Plateau, geography deeply influenced where people settled, how they lived, and how they interacted with their environment. These … Read more
Evolution of Indian Education- India’s educational landscape underwent a seismic transformation under British rule (1757-1947), evolving from decentralized gurukuls and madrasas into a state-controlled system designed to serve imperial interests. This period – marked by the Anglicist-Orientalist conflict, Macaulay’s radical Anglicization (1835), and Wood’s institutional blueprint (1854) – laid the foundations of modern India’s education … Read more
The Battle of Buxar, fought on 22 October 1764, stands as one of the most pivotal events in Indian history. It marked a significant shift in power from Indian rulers to the British East India Company. Unlike the Battle of Plassey, which was largely political, the Battle of Buxar was a military confrontation that sealed … Read more
The Battle of Plassey, fought on 23rd June 1757, is one of the most defining events in Indian history. Often regarded as the turning point that marked the beginning of British colonial rule, this battle not only ended the independence of the Nawab of Bengal but also laid the foundation for nearly two centuries of … Read more
The advent of Europeans in India marked a major turning point in Indian history, laying the foundation for colonial rule. Driven by the lure of the spice trade and maritime dominance, European powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French began arriving from the late 15th century onward. This phase saw intense competition, establishment of … Read more
Ancient Medieval and Art & Culture- Prelims Oriented Practice Questions 1.Who among the following is referred to as the universal worthy Bodhisattva, known for embodying practice and vows, and often depicted riding an elephant? (a) Avalokiteshvara(b) Manjushri(c) Samantabhadra(d) Maitreya Ans C- Samantabhadra 2. Who wrote the Adi Purana of the Jains in Sanskrit?(a) Amoghavarsha I(b) … Read more
Jain art and Jain architecture are among the most exquisite and spiritually significant contributions to India’s cultural heritage. Rooted in the principles of non-violence, asceticism, and inner purity, Jain artistic traditions emphasize simplicity, symbolism, and serenity. From the intricately carved marble temples of Mount Abu’s Dilwara to the towering monolithic statue at Shravanabelagola, Jain architecture … Read more
Ancient History MCQ’s 1. Which archaeologist led the third phase excavations at Rakhigarhi, establishing human remains date back 8,000 years?A. Vasant ShindeB. Amarendra NathC. Prabhodh ShirwalkarD. Sanjay Kumar Manjul Answer: C. Prabhodh ShirwalkarDuring the third phase (2021–2023) of joint excavations by ASI and Deccan College, assistant professor Prabhodh Shirwalkar co‑led the team that uncovered human remains dating to around 8,000 years before present, … Read more
Causes Religious Movements (600BC-400BC) Factors that led to the Rise of Buddhism in India Life of Buddha Gautama’s Early Life The early life of Gautama was spent with ease and royal splendour, but it failed to attract the mind of Gautama. Enlightenment under the Bodhi tree (Nirvana) Major events and places associated with Buddha’s Life … Read more
